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Country: |
Sweden |
Locality: |
Leonardsberg |
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Region: |
Östergötland |
Area: |
Östra Eneby |
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Environment & Surface |
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Open-air
Shelter
Cave
Portable
Megalithic
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Geography: |
130 m ESE of Leonardsberg manor, 60 m SE of SE corner of a storage house. Steep, sloping rock, facing W. N part of enclosed field (panel 1). 120 m SE of panel 1, flat rock at a crest in enclosed field (panel 2). |
Proximity: |
Close to a number of other panels with rock carvings on the property of Leonardsberg, larger manor. Not far from the Motala stream. |
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Geology: |
Mica-schist and gneiss. |
Surface: |
Steep, rather smooth surface. |
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Art |
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Description: |
Engravings
Paintings
Painted engravings
High or low-relief
Sculpture
Leonardsberg, Östra Eneby parish. Panel 1: There are a total number of c. 118 registered figures at the panel. There are 36 ship figures, both contour-carved and totally carved out, of which some have superstructures. There are c. 20 human figures, of which the majority are arranged in three distinct processions, some equipped with sword. There are 7 animal figures, of which one is a distinct deer, and three have ring-shaped heads (cattle?). There are a couple of foot prints, and cup marks. Panel 2: 120 m SE of panel no 1, there is a flat rock with some interesting carvings. There are 5 ship figures varying from very small up to quite big, of which some are double-lined without crew-strokes, and one totally carved out with 2 vertical lines (2 man crew). There are a number of deers, c. 4, with elaborate antlers, some figures which might be horses or female deer. There are 3 foot prints, contour-carved , of which one has a cup marked in the middle. One human figure is depicted close to, or attached with a ship. The most spectacular figure at panel 2 is the big human figure, 0.7 m high, with rectangular body, curved legs, equipped with sword and with a long spear lifted over the head. Between the legs are a dot or line indicating the sex of the figure.
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Figures: |
Ship figures/contour-carved and totally carved out, of which some have superstructures/some with crew strokes.
Human figures
Animals/deer/horse/cattle
Foot prints/contour-carved
Cup marks
Weapon/spear/sword
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Chronology: |
Palaeolithic
Epipalaeolithic - Mesolithic
Neolithic
Copper Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Roman
Middle Age
Modern
Unknown
The rock carvings in Östergötland are generally dated to the Bronze Age, c. 1800-500 BC on basis of the position in the landscape, the relation to other ancient monuments and of the combinations of different figures and motifs.
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Notes: |
The province of Östergötland in Sweden, has long been well-known for its profusion of rock carvings, but figurative carvings only abound in a small area to the W of Norrköping; elsewhere they are few and far between. It is probable that the Norrköping district was of importance as a religious centre on several spatial and social levels in a tribal society: local, regional and supra-regional; perhaps with Ekenberg functioning on the highest level. The widespread cup mark sites, on the other hand, were utilised for a domestic cult on a microlevel, probably prevailing into the Iron Age and perhaps longer (Selinge 1989:234). |
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Bibliography |
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Conservation |
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Status: |
Public
Private
Park
Classified site
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Risk: |
The rock carvings are fragile and the major risk are chemical weathering, which makes the hard quartzite losen up and fall out, leaving white dots on the darker rock surface. Also natural weathering (mechanical weathering) during winter/spring, when water freeze in cracks and openings in the rock, creates major damage to rock faces with carvings. The biological weathering is also a danger to the rock carvings, and even to intense cleaning of the rock surface during documentation can make the rock fragile and expose the carvings to wind, water and air-born pollution. |
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Conservation: |
Good
Quite good
Mediocre
Bad
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Intervention: |
Problems concerning conservation and preservation, registration and documentation of rock carvings in Scandinavia are discussed by several departments, i.e. Riksantikvaren in Norway, Riksantikvarieämbetet in Sweden, several universities and research departments. Different methods are tested, for example covering of carved surfaces, measuring of temperature and different contents in water and air and also the composition in the granite. Hollows and cracks in the rock surface can be repaired and carefully filled in. The carvings are partly painted. |
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By |
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| Record n. 806 / 807 |
No commercial use is allowed. Specific © is mentioned in the captions or owned by each Author or Institution |
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EuroPreArt, European Prehistoric Art, is a web-based archaeological project funded by the European Union which aims to establish a lasting data-base of European prehistoric art documentation, to launch the base of an European institutional network and to contribute to the awareness of the diversity and richness of European Prehistoric Art.
It is proposed by: Instituto Politécnico de Tomar (IPT, Portugal),
CUEBC - European University Centre for Cultural Heritage (Italy - Europe),
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España),
Asociación Cultural Colectivo Barbaón (España),
Université de Liège (Belgique),
Gotland University College (Sverige),
University College Dublin (Eire),
Cooperativa Archeologica Le Orme dell'Uomo (Italia),
Study Centre and Museum of Prehistoric Art of
Pinerolo (Italia),
The European Centre for Prehistoric Research in the Alto Ribatejo (Portugal),
ArqueoJovem - a youth NGO (Portugal).
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